Section outline

    • Climate change File PDF

      Climate change and global change. Paleoclimate of oceans. Greenhouse gas emissions and effects. Thermal expansion of the oceans. Atmospheric effects. Sea level rise. ENSO. Thermal anomalies and heat waves. Mass mortalities of benthic organisms. Ocean acidification and saturation point of aragonite. Effects of global warming on marine food webs. Climate and biological invasions.

    • supplementary material_CC File ZIP